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itbear.com.cn
Published 4 days ago

油车冬季续航稳如初 , 电车低温续航缩水 , 技术突破能否破局 ?- 商业消费 - ITBear比尔科技

itbear.com.cn · Feb 18, 2026 · Collected from GDELT

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Published: 20260218T204500Z

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随着汽车产业加速向电动化转型,续航能力始终是消费者购车时最关注的指标之一。然而,冬季低温环境却让纯电动汽车(电车)与传统燃油车(油车)的续航表现形成鲜明对比:油车续航基本稳定,而电车续航普遍下降30%-50%,极端情况下甚至更高。这一差异正成为制约电动车普及的关键因素,其背后涉及电池化学、能量管理等多重技术挑战。燃油车在低温环境下的续航稳定性,源于其能量产生与利用的物理特性。内燃机通过燃烧汽油或柴油产生动力,这一化学反应过程受温度影响较小。虽然低温会导致机油黏度增加、发动机冷启动阶段燃油消耗上升,但这种影响仅持续5-15分钟,待发动机达到正常工作温度后,燃油效率即可恢复。更关键的是,燃油车运转时产生的废热可被直接用于车厢供暖,无需额外消耗能量。据测算,冬季开启暖风对燃油车油耗的影响通常不超过5%,远低于电动车制热对续航的损耗。相比之下,电动车的续航衰减是多重因素叠加的结果。锂离子电池的电化学特性对温度极为敏感:当环境温度低于10℃时,电解液黏度增加导致离子迁移速度减慢,电池内阻显著上升。这不仅使可用容量减少(部分能量被内阻消耗为热量),还降低了充放电效率。实验数据显示,在-20℃环境下,某些锂离子电池的可用容量可能降至常温时的60%-70%。为维持电池性能,电动车必须配备温度管理系统,而这成为冬季续航的"第二杀手"。目前主流方案包括利用电池自身能量加热或采用独立电加热器,无论哪种方式都会消耗本应用于驱动车辆的电能。在-10℃环境中,维持电池适宜温度可能消耗10%-15%的电量。车厢供暖则是另一大能耗源:电动车缺乏发动机废热,只能依靠PTC加热器或热泵系统制热。普通PTC加热器的能效比仅为1.0,而热泵系统在-10℃以下效率也会大幅下降。数据显示,在-20℃极端低温下,仅车厢加热就可能消耗电动车30%以上的续航里程。低温对电动车的影响还体现在细节层面:轮胎气压下降增加滚动阻力、空气密度增大提高风阻、雨雪天气恶化路面状况……这些因素虽对燃油车同样存在,但电动车能量总量有限且补能不便,使得"次要因素"的影响被放大。例如,低温导致的轮胎气压下降会使电动车能耗增加约2%,而燃油车因油箱容量大,相同程度的能耗增加对续航的影响可忽略不计。面对技术挑战,产业界正从多个维度寻求突破。电池技术革新是根本路径:固态电池采用固态电解质,理论上可在更宽温度范围内保持性能,部分实验样品在-30℃仍能保持80%以上容量;改进电极材料(如硅基负极、高镍正极)也有望提升低温特性;磷酸铁锂电池虽能量密度较低,但其低温性能优于三元锂电池,或成为高寒地区电动车的优选。热管理系统优化是短期更易实现的改进方向。新一代电动车正从被动温控转向主动智能温控,通过更精确的温度传感器和算法,只在必要时启动加热,并优先保障电池核心区域温度。部分厂商开发的"预约预热"功能,允许用户在充电时提前加热电池和车厢,既利用了电网电力,又避免了行驶初期的能耗高峰。热泵系统的普及也将显著降低制热能耗,其效率可从目前的30%左右降至15%以下。车辆设计层面的创新同样关键。更高效的电机可减少能量损耗,改进的空气动力学设计能降低风阻,低滚阻轮胎在冬季的性能也在提升。部分电动车开始配备太阳能车顶,虽发电量有限,但可为温控系统提供辅助电力。充电基础设施的完善也不可或缺:在寒冷地区增加大功率快充桩密度,可缓解用户续航焦虑;新一代快充技术能在充电前自动预热电池,既保护电池健康又提高充电效率。部分高端电动车已实现15分钟补充200公里以上续航,接近燃油车加油体验。技术进步正在逐步缩小电动车与燃油车在冬季性能上的差距。对于消费者而言,在温暖地区现有电动车技术已能满足需求;在严寒地区,混合动力车或燃油车仍是更稳妥的选择。随着电池技术突破和整车能效提升,电动车终将突破冬季续航瓶颈,成为适应所有气候条件的交通工具。


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