Dynamic antigen expression and cytotoxic T cell resistance in HIV reservoir clones

Nature News · Feb 24, 2026 · Collected from RSS

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You have full access to this article via your institution. Author informationAuthor notesThese authors contributed equally: Isabella A. T. M. Ferreira, Alberto HerreraAuthors and AffiliationsInfectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USAIsabella A. T. M. Ferreira, Alberto Herrera, Tan Thinh Huynh, Emily Stone, Noemi L. Linden, Cristian Ovies, Yanqin Ren, Ethan Naing, Parul Sinha, Ali Danesh, Eva Stevenson, Shane Vedova, Fitty Liu, Louise Leyre, Skylar Shea, Elina Wells, Itzayana G. Miller, Guinevere Q. Lee, Rachel Scheck, Nathan L. Board & R. Brad JonesDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USAIsabella A. T. M. Ferreira, Alberto Herrera, Tan Thinh Huynh, Emily Stone, Noemi L. Linden, Cristian Ovies, Yanqin Ren, Ethan Naing, Parul Sinha, Ali Danesh, Eva Stevenson, Shane Vedova, Fitty Liu, Louise Leyre, Skylar Shea, Elina Wells, Itzayana G. Miller, Guinevere Q. Lee, Rachel Scheck, Nathan L. Board & R. Brad JonesImmunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USAAlberto Herrera, Noemi L. Linden, Cristian Ovies, Shane Vedova, Louise Leyre, Elina Wells, Itzayana G. Miller & R. Brad JonesLaboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USACintia Bittar, Ana Rafaela Teixeira, Marina Caskey & Michel C. NussenzweigLaboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USAVirender K. Pal, Marie Canis & Paul D. BieniaszLaboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USASusan Moir & Tae-Wook ChunMaple Leaf Medical Clinic and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, CanadaColin KovacsInstitute for Computational Medicine and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USAMadeleine S. Gastonguay & Alison L. HillDepartment of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaAlison L. HillCenter for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York, USAShy GenelApplied Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USAPaul Zumbo & Doron BetelDivision of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USADoron BetelInstitute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USADoron BetelDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAElias K. HalvasHoward Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USAPaul D. Bieniasz & Michel C. NussenzweigHSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USAAlberto Herrera, Noemi L. Linden, Cristian Ovies, Shane Vedova, Louise Leyre, Elina Wells, Itzayana G. Miller & R. Brad JonesAuthorsIsabella A. T. M. FerreiraAlberto HerreraTan Thinh HuynhEmily StoneNoemi L. LindenCristian OviesYanqin RenCintia BittarVirender K. PalEthan NaingParul SinhaAli DaneshEva StevensonShane VedovaFitty LiuLouise LeyreSkylar SheaElina WellsItzayana G. MillerMarie CanisAna Rafaela TeixeiraSusan MoirTae-Wook ChunColin KovacsMadeleine S. GastonguayAlison L. HillShy GenelPaul ZumboDoron BetelElias K. HalvasGuinevere Q. LeeRachel ScheckMarina CaskeyPaul D. BieniaszNathan L. BoardMichel C. NussenzweigR. Brad JonesCorresponding authorCorrespondence to R. Brad Jones.Supplementary informationSupplementary InformationThis file contains the following files: Supplementary Tables 1 & 2: Demographic, clinical, immunologic, and virologic characteristics of donors with suppressible or non-suppressible viremia on ART, including age, race, ART duration, CD4 counts, plasma HIV RNA levels, and antiretroviral regimens. Supplementary Table 3: Primer and probe sequences for ddPCR (IPDA and LIST assays), near full length HIV sequencing, and HIV integration site sequencing. Supplementary Figure 1: Flow cytometry gating strategies used to identify viable T cell populations, HIV Gag–expressing cells, and ARC subsets across experimental conditions presented in the main and extended data figures. Supplementary Note 1 (including Supplementary Tables 4-6 and Supplementary Tables 2-8): Mathematical modelling of transient HIV antigen expression and CTL-mediated clone erosion, including model assumptions, differential equations, parameter inference, and application to ARC enrichment, depletion, and CTL killing experiments.Reporting SummaryPeer Review FileAbout this articleCite this articleFerreira, I.A.T.M., Herrera, A., Huynh, T.T. et al. Dynamic antigen expression and cytotoxic T cell resistance in HIV reservoir clones. Nature (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10298-wDownload citationReceived: 22 July 2025Accepted: 19 February 2026Published: 24 February 2026DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10298-w